Electoral Democracy, Security Concerns and Street Litigations in Nigeria
Abstract
Electoral contests are considered to have both conventional and unconventional elements. As a matter of fact, disputes are regarded as an inherent part of elections and litigation is a common feature of most electoral processes. Nigeria is not an exception to this observable trend as elections are coterminous with brinkmanship and legal fireworks. However, street litigation- a form of trial by public opinion whereby people revel in passing judgments on political cases outside the four walls of the courtroom- is an emerging practice in the country. Thus, it presents an interesting research scenario in post-election security and litigation. This paper interrogates election security issues in Nigeria particularly as they relate to people’s grievances and concerns. It also examines the periodic electoral violence and its effects on electioneering with special focus on the combustible nature of street litigation in the country.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Albin-Lackey, C., & Rawlence, B. (2007). Criminal politics: Violence, “Godfathers” and corruption in Nigeria. Human Rights Watch, 19(16) (A).
Alemika, E. (2011). Post-election violence in Nigeria: Emerging trend and lessons. Available At: http://Cleenfoundation.Blogspot.Com.Ng/2011/07/Post-Election-Violence-In-Nigeria.Html
Animashaun, K. (2010). Regime Character, Electoral Crisis and Prospects of Electoral Reform in Nigeria. Journal of Nigerian Studies, 1(1).
Anyanya, L. (2013). Assessment of 2011 elections in view of recommendations from the 2010 Workshop. In L. Olurode (Ed.), Election security in Nigeria: Matters arising. National Electoral Commission (INEC) and Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES)
Barrios, C., & Luengo-Cabrera, J. (2015). Nigeria’s Elections: More Democracy, Less Security?. European Union Institute for Security Studies, February 2015 1
Beetham, D. (1998). Democracy: Key Principles. In Institutions and problems, democracy: Its principles and achievement. Publication prepared and edited by the Inter-Parliamentary Union, Geneva.
Brown, S., & Kaiser, P. (2007, Sep.). Democratisation in Africa: Attempts, hindrances and prospects. Third World Quarterly, 28(6).
Calingaert, D. (2009). Election rigging and how to fight it. Available at: http://www.gozaar.org/english/library-en/democracy-classics-en/Election-Rigging-and-How-to-Fight-It.html
Chayes, S. (2015). In the name of security, Nigeria’s election charade. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/2015/02/08/in-name-of-security-nigeria-s-election-charade.
Claes, J. (2015). Democratic but deadly. Foreign Policy, February 5
Coexistence International (2008). Coexistence and democracy in West Africa: Trends, challenges and opportunities, a summary of policies and practices aimed at promotion of democratic governance, coexistence and social inclusion in West Africa. Africa Vision 525 Initiative.
Cooke, J. G., & Downie, R. (2015). Countdown to Nigeria’s Elections: Minimizing the Dangers, A Joint Report of the CSIS Africa Program and the Savannah Centre for Diplomacy, Democracy, and Development, Available at: http://csis.org/files/publication/150206_Cooke_CountdownNigeriaElections_Redo_Web.pdf
Curriculum, M. (2015). Secure and Fair Elections (SAFE) Workshop: Model Curriculum. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, December 2015. International IDEA, United Nations Development Programme, Electoral Integrity Project.
Diamond, L. (2008, March-April). The Democratic Rollback: The Resurgence of the Predatory State (Essays)(democracy of countries)(Critical essay). Foreign Affairs, 87(2). Gale. Bibliothèques académiques de Genève. 17 Sept. 2008 <http://find.galegroup.com/itx/start.do?prodId=EAIM>.
Diamond, L. (2014). Nigeria: Anatomy of a Feckless State, Premium Times, June 30, Available At: http://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/164182-nigeria-anatomy-of-a-feckless-state-by-larry-diamond.html
Fischer, J. (2002). Electoral conflict and violence: A strategy for study and prevention. IFES White Paper, February 5.
Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security (2012, Sep.). Deepening democracy: A strategy for improving the integrity of elections worldwide.
Hazen, J. M., & Horne, J. (2007). Small arms, armed violence, and insecurity in Nigeria: The Niger delta in perspective, small arms survey. Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva.
Hounkpe, M., & Gueye, A. B. (2010). The role of security forces in the electoral process: The case of six West African countries. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
Human Right Watch (2004). Nigeria’s 2003 elections: The unacknowledged violence. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/nigeria0604/nigeria0604.pdf
Jega, A. (2012). Security Challenges of Election Management: Towards 2015, Keynote Address to the Workshop on Election Security by the Chairman, Independent National Electoral Commission, Professor Attahiru M. Jega, OFR, Organized by the Electoral Institute in Conjunction with the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung at the Transcorp Hilton Hotel, Abuja, August 29 30 ,2012
Ladan, M. T. (2006). Enforcement of electoral law and electoral violence in Nigeria. In N. Malu and N. O.Ogbu (Eds.), Enforcement of Electoral laws and Reduction of Electoral Violence in Nigeria. PANAFSTRAG-NIG and IDASA.
Large, J., & Sisk, T. D. (2001). Democracy, conflict and human security: Pursuing peace in the 21st century. A Publication of International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA)
Lewis, P. (2011). Nigeria: Assessing risks to stability. Washington, D. C. Centre for Strategic and International Studies.
Lindberg, S. (2004). Democratic participation, competition, and legitimacy in Africa. Lund Political Studies, Department of Political Science, Lund University, Sweden .
López-Pintor, R. (2011) Assessing Electoral Fraud in New Democracies: A Basic Conceptual Framework, IFES Conference Paper, Paper presented at the IPSA-ECPR Joint Conference, February 16 - 19, 2011, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Mohammed, S. (2011). Understanding the principles of true democracy, Crossroads. A Newsletter of the United States Mission, Nigeria, 16(7).
Muzan, A. O. (2014). Insurgency in Nigeria: Addressing the causes as part of the solution. African Human Rights Law Journal, 14, 217-243.
Norris, P. (2014). Why electoral integrity matters. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Norris, P., et al. (2015). Contentious elections: From ballots to barricades. New York: Routledge.
Nwangwu, C. (2015). Biometric voting technology and the 2015 general elections in Nigeria. Being a Paper Presented at Two-Day National Conference on “The 2015 General Elections in Nigeria: The Real Issues” organized by The Electoral Institute between 27th and 28th July 2015.
Oculi, O. (2014). Ekiti, its discontents and aspirations. Paper for presentation at a Seminar by the Centre for Democracy and Development, CDD, Abuja.
Oko, O. (2009). Dissecting the anatomy of fraudulent elections in Africa: Proposals for reforming Nigeria’s electoral process. Available at: http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=okechukwu_oko.
Okoye, J. C., et al. (2012). Changing perspectives of Nigeria political development: From militarism to incumbency and Godfatherism. Journal of Political Studies, 19(1).
Olurode, L. (2009). Glimpses into mandate protection in the 2007 elections in Osun State. In Ibrahim and Ibeanu (Eds.), Direct capture the 2007 Nigerian elections and subversion of popular sovereignty. Centre for Democracy and Development.
Omilusi, M. (2014). The electoral process and crisis of legitimacy in Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(11).
Omilusi, M. (2015). From civil rule to militarized democracy: Emerging template for governance in Nigeria. International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, VI(6.2), Quarter II 2015.
Omodia, S. M. (2009). Elections and democratic survival in the fourth republic of (Nigeria). The Journal of Pan African Studies, 3(3), 35-42.
Oni, I. (2014). The role of transport unions in election security. In L. Olurode (Ed.), Election security: Stakeholders’ perspectives. Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) and Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES), Nigeria.
Oni, S., et al (2013). Electoral politics in the fourth republic of Nigeria’s democratic governance. Developing Country Studies, 3(12).
Orji, N., & Uzodi, N. (2012). Post-election violence in Nigeria: Experiences with the 2011 elections. Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre (PLAC).
Report of The Electoral Reform Committee (2008). Volume 11 Main Report. Available at: http://eie.ng/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/JusticeMohammedUwaisReport.pdf.
Sweeney, W. R. (2014). “Foreword” in elections worth dying for? A selection of case studies from Africa. International Foundation for Electoral Systems.
The Economist (2011). Ballots and bullets: Political violence reaches new heights. April 14th 2011, Available at: http://www.economist.com/node/18561189.
Ugochukwu, B. E. (2013). Ballot or bullet: Protecting the right to vote in Nigeria. Comparative Research in Law & Political Economy. Research Paper No. 26/2013. http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/clpe/273.
Yoroms, G. (n.d) Electoral Violence, Arms Proliferations and Electoral Security In Nigeria: Lessons From the Twenty-Fifteen Elections for Emerging Democracies, Department of Political Science, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/12329
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2022 Canadian Social Science
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Reminder
- How to do online submission to another Journal?
- If you have already registered in Journal A, then how can you submit another article to Journal B? It takes two steps to make it happen:
1. Register yourself in Journal B as an Author
- Find the journal you want to submit to in CATEGORIES, click on “VIEW JOURNAL”, “Online Submissions”, “GO TO LOGIN” and “Edit My Profile”. Check “Author” on the “Edit Profile” page, then “Save”.
2. Submission
Online Submission: http://cscanada.org/index.php/css/submission/wizard
- Go to “User Home”, and click on “Author” under the name of Journal B. You may start a New Submission by clicking on “CLICK HERE”.
- We only use four mailboxes as follows to deal with issues about paper acceptance, payment and submission of electronic versions of our journals to databases: caooc@hotmail.com; office@cscanada.net; ccc@cscanada.net; ccc@cscanada.org
Articles published in Canadian Social Science are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY).
Canadian Social Science Editorial Office
Address: 1020 Bouvier Street, Suite 400, Quebec City, Quebec, G2K 0K9, Canada.
Telephone: 1-514-558 6138
Website: Http://www.cscanada.net; Http://www.cscanada.org
E-mail:caooc@hotmail.com; office@cscanada.net
Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture