The Cantonese Culture and the Hakka Culture in Shenzhen
Abstract
Since the moment of establishment the special economical zone in 1979, Shenzhen had already passed 25 years. Due to lacking of relevant and correct propaganda and introduction of Shenzhen, many people have understood this city just as a special economical zone. In addition, Shenzhen is a newly borne city with a mass of migrations of people from all of China. That is why Shenzhen is the only city in Guangdong Province which uses the putonghua as the common language. The present population of Shenzhen is 12,000,000, but in the beginning of establishment of the special economical zone the local population was 270,000. As a matter of fact, the present intellectual layer is not native to the locality, therefore, their understanding of Shenzhen local culture is very poor. And that is why some years ago the expression of “a city built within one night” was frequently appeared in articles of the press, and in reports of city leaders, in order to praised that Shenzhen was a new city with rapid development. The expression and the understanding of Shenzhen, “a city built within one night”, is incorrect, and is not accord with the real historical truth of Shenzhen either. It is very pity, that because of the historical reasons, the Shenzhen local chronicles were merely recorded in two Xin’an Xianzhi (Xin’an County Annals) in the periods of Kangxi (1662-1722) and Jiaqing (1796-1820). The author after coming to Shenzhen University in 1984, has been interested in studying Shenzhen local culture and history, and has carried through a mass of fieldworks in the districts of Bao’an and Longgang (the local culture is mainly concentrated in these two districts). The author wants to use the materials collected in the Cantonese villages of the Bao’an district, and in the Hakka ones of the Longgang one; to intend to discuss the origins of Cantonese and Hakka clans; to analyze the differences between these two clans, and their interrelations; and also to explain the functions and roles of these two cultures in the cultural establishments of nowadays Shenzhen special economical zone. Key words: Guangdong, Shenzhen special economical zone, Cantonese culture, Hakka culture, interaction Résumé: Depuis la fondation de Zone économique spéciale de Shenzhen en 1979 après la réforme et l’ouverture , 25 ans se sont écoulés . A cause de l’insuffisance de la propagande et de la présentation , ShenZhen n’est qu’une Zone économique spéciale dans l’esprit des gens du monde extérieur . En plus , c’est aussi une nouvelle ville d’immigration , dont les habitants viennent du quatre coins du pays . Pour cette raison , Shenzhen est la seule ville de la province du Guangtong où le mandarin l’emporte sur le dialecte local . Sa papulation actuelle est de 12 ,000,000 mais à l’époque de la fondation de Zone économique spéciale , on ne comptait que 270 , 000 d’habitants locaux . Donc , la plupart des intellectuels actuels de cette ville sont des immigrés , et ils manquent de connaissance sur l’histoire de cette ville . A la presse ou dans les rapports de certains dirigeants il y a quelques ans , on considérait ShenZhen comme “une ville du jour au lendemain ”pour faire l’éloge de sa vitesse du développement . Cela ne correspond pas du tout au fait et à la vérité de l’histoire de ShenZhen. Pour des raisons historiques , on n’a que deux livres d’histoire locale sur Shenzhen qui date respectivement de1662 jusqu’en 1722 , et de 1796 jusqu’en 1870 . L’auteur , travaillé depuis 1984 à l’Université de Shenzhen , s’est engagé à faire de nombreuses enquêtes à pleine campagne dans les endroits où se concentre la culture aborigène . En mettant à profit ces documents recueillis au cours des enquêtes , l’auteur s’efforce de dégager les origines de ces deux grandes branches de la culture locale , la distinction ainsi que la relation interactive sur le plan culturel . L’auteur tente également de démontrer le rôle que jouent ces deux cultures pour la construction de la culture de Zone économique spéciale de Shenzhen . Mots-clés : Guangdong, Zone économique spéciale de Shenzhen, culture de GuangFu, culture de KeJia, interaction 摘要:深圳,自中國改革開放後於 1979年建立特區以來,至今已有 25個年頭。因缺乏相關的宣傳、介紹,外界對深圳的瞭解一般也就只停留在“是個經濟特區”的概念上。另外,深圳是個新興的移民城市,移民來自全國各地,深圳成為了廣東省內唯一講普通話的城市。它現有人口 12,000,000,但建特區時,它的本土居民只有 270,000人。所以,深圳現有的智知階層多是外來人員,大部分人對深圳的歷史缺乏瞭解與認識,所以前幾年在報刊雜誌和某些領導人的報告中,為讚揚深圳的發展速度而不斷出現“深圳是一夜城”的提法。將深圳的歷史定位在“一夜城”上,是不符合深圳真實的歷史事實的。由於歷史原因,深圳的地方史僅有康熙(1662-1722)、嘉慶( 1796-1870)年間的兩部《新安縣誌》,實屬可憐。本人 1984年從北京應聘到深圳大學後,對深圳的寶安、龍崗兩區(本土文化集中區域)進行了大量的田野調查。筆者即利用對寶安廣府、龍崗客家的村落所作的田野調查資料,企圖在本文討論深圳本土文化中的廣府與客家這兩大族群的源流,以及在文化上存在的差異與互動關係,並試圖說明這兩種文化在今日深圳特區的文化建設中所應具有的作用。 關鍵詞:廣東;深圳特區;廣府文化;客家文化;互動
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PDFDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/j.ccc.1923670020050101.004
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