Cross-Cultural Communication
Emotional Capital Within the Cultural Dimensions Framework
Abstract
Emotional capital (EC) has become an important concept in educational and intercultural communication. It is shown to be a booster capital potentializing human, social, and cultural capitals. The competencies comprising emotional capital are learned from the early ages through socialization process and get consistently reshaped in different contexts. Accordingly, the present study aims at exploring how cultural dimensions and emotional capital are related using Hofstede’s cultural framework. To this end, Emotional Capital Questionnaire was distributed among 180 students from Iran, the Unites States, China, Brazil, and India. The results revealed considerable cultural differences in the level of learners’ EC. Also, cultural specificity of emotional skills was confirmed using MANOVA. Further analyses have shown that cultures which emphasized maintenance of social order––that is, those with higher levels of masculinity and long-term orientation tended to have higher scores on EC. In contrast, in countries where people minimized the maintenance of social order and emphasized uncertainty avoidance tend to have lower scores on EC. In the end, practical implications of these findings are discussed, and future research directions are provided.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adler, N. J., & Gundersen, A. (2007). International dimensions of organizational behavior (5th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western.
Atkins, A. (2000). The effects of uncertainty avoidance on interaction in the classroom. Retrieved from http://www.cels.bham.ac.uk/resources/essays/Atkins%201.pdf
Atkins, D. (2014). The role of culture in empathy (Doctoral dissertation). UK: University of Kent.
Barbalet, J. (1998). Emotion, social theory, and social structure: A macrosociological approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bohart, A. C. (1993). Emphasizing the future in empathy responses. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 33(2), 12-29.
Bond, M. H. (2002). Reclaiming the individual from Hofstede’s ecological analysis: A 20-year odyssey. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 73-77.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education. New York: Greenwood Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Cahill, S. E. (1999). Emotional capital and professional socialization: The case of mortuary science students (and me). Social Psychology Quarterly, 62(2), 101-116.
Camillo, A. A. (2015). Handbook of research on global hospitality and tourism management. Pennsylvania, USA: IGI Global.
Cartledge, G., & Milburn, J. F. (1996). Cultural diversity and social skills instruction: Understanding ethnic and gender differences. Champaign: Research Press.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Deci, E., Ryan, R., Gagné, M., Leone, D., Usunov, J., & Kornazheva, B. (2001). Need satisfaction, motivation, and well-Being in the work organizations of a former eastern Bloc country: A cross-cultural study of self-determination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(8), 930-942.
Duncan, N. (2004). Self, community and psychology. Cape Town: UCT Press.
Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2001). Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures: Inter- and international differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 869-885.
Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In J. Cole (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Furrer, O., Liu, B. S. C., & Sudharshan, D. (2000). The relationships between culture and service quality perceptions basis for cross-cultural market segmentation and resource allocation. Journal of Service Research, 2(4), 355-371.
Gailliot, M. T., & Baumeister, R. F. (2007). Self-regulation and sexual restraint: Dispositionally and temporarily poor self-regulatory abilities contribute to failures at restraining sexual behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(2), 173-186.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
Gendron, B. (2004). Why emotional capital matters in education and in labour? Toward an optimal exploitation of human capital and knowledge management. In Les Cahiers de la Maison des Sciences Economiques, série rouge, n° 113, Paris: Université Panthéon-Sorbonne.
Goleman, D. (1996). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Greckhamer, T. (2011). Cross-cultural differences in compensation level and inequality across occupations: A set-theoretic analysis. Organization Studies, 1, 85-
115.
Gudykunst, W., & Ting-Toomey, S. (1988). Culture and interpersonal communication. London: Sage.
Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. Garden City, NY: Anchor.
Hamamura, T., & Heine, S. J. (2006). Self-regulation across cultures: New perspective on culture and cognition research. Paper presented in 5th International Conference of the Cognitive Science. Vancouver, Canada.
Hirokawa, K., Yagi, A., & Miyata, Y. (2004). An examination of masculinity-femininity traits and their relationships to communication skills and stress-coping skills. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 32(8), 731-740.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture consequences: International differences in work-related values. London: Sage Publications.
Hofstede, G. (1983). The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories. Journal of International Business Studies, 82, 76-88.
Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1988). The Confucius connection: from cultural roots to economic growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16, 4-21.
Hofstede, G., & McCrae, R. R. (2004). Personality and culture revisited: Linking traits and dimensions of culture. Cross-Cultural Research, 38, 52-88.
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software for the mind. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Horwitz, E. K. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, 112-126.
Horwitz, E. K., & Young, D. (1989). Language anxiety: From theory and research to classroom implications. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Hoy, D. (2004). Critical Resistance: From post-structuralism to post-critique. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Hurd, S. (2008). Affect and strategy use in independent language learning. In S. Hurd, & T. Lewis (Eds.), Language learning strategies in independent settings. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Husman, J., & Lens, W. (1999). The role of the future in student motivation. Educational Psychology, 34, 113-125.
Jay, A. (2010). Cultural differences: Their effect on social skill development. (Bachelor Project). Rhode Island: Providence College Providence.
Johnson, K. E. (1994). The emerging beliefs and instructional practices of preservice English as a second language teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 10(4), 439-52.
Karniol, R., Gabay, R., Ochion, Y., & Harari, Y. (1998). Is gender or gender-role orientation a better predictor of empathy in adolescence? Sex Roles, 39(1-2), 45-59.
Lens, W., Simons, J., & Dewitte, S. (2001). Student motivation and self-regulation as a function of future time perspective and perceived instrumentality. In S. Volet & S. Jarvela (Eds.), Motivation in learning contexts: Theoretical advances and methodological implications. Oxford: Pergamon.
Matsumoto, D. (1989). Cultural influences on the perception of emotion. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 20, 92-105.
Matsumoto, D. (1990). Cultural similarities and differences in display rules. Motivation and Emotion, 14(3), 195-214.
Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., & Nakagawa, S. (2008). Culture, emotion regulation, and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(6), 925-37.
McNay, L. (1999). Gender, habitus and the field: Pierre Bourdieu and the limits of reflexivity. Theory, Culture & Society, 16(1), 95-117.
Miller, R. B., & Brickman, S. J. (2004). A model of future-oriented motivation and self-regulation. Educational Psychology Review, 16(1), 9-33.
Minkov, M. (2007). What makes us different and similar: A new interpretation of the world values survey and other cross-cultural data. Sofia, Bulgaria: Klasika i Stil.
Nowotny, H. (1981). Women in public life in Austria. In C. F. Epstein & R. L. Coser (Eds.), Access to power: Cross-national studies of women and elites. London: Sage.
Pheng, L. S., & Yuquan, S. (2002). An exploratory study of Hofstede’s cross-cultural dimensions in construction projects. Journal of Management Decision, 40(1), 7-16.
Piri, S. (2016). Presenting new models of L2 achievement in light of EFL learners’ conceptions of teachers’ initiation of joint attention and their emotional, social, and cultural capital (Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy). Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
Pishghadam, R. (2009). A quantitative analysis of the relationship between emotional intelligence and foreign language learning. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 6(1), 31-41.
Reay, D. (2000). A useful extension of Bourdieu’s conceptual framework? Emotional capital as a way of understanding mothers’ involvement in their children’s education. Sociological Review, 48(4), 568-584.
Reay, D. (2004). Gendering Bourdieu’s concept of capitals? Emotional capital, women and social class. The Sociological Review, 52(2), 57-74.
Roysircar, G. (2004). Cultural self-awareness assessment: Practice examples from psychology training. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(6), 658-668.
Saarni, C. (1997). Coping with aversive feelings. Motivation and Emotion, 21, 45-63.
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 185-211.
Scherer, K. R. (1997). The role of culture in emotion-antecedent appraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 902-922.
Shuper, P. A., Sorrentino, R. M., Otsubo, Y., Hodson, G., & Walker, A. M. (2004). A theory of uncertainty orientation implications for the study of individual differences within and across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(4), 460-480.
Singelis, T., & Pedersen, P. (1997). Conflict and mediation across cultures. In K. Cushner, & R. Brislin (Eds.), Improving intercultural interactions: Modules for cross-cultural training programs (pp.184-204). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Smith, P. B., Dugan, S., & Trompenaars, F. (1996). National culture and the values of organizational employees: A dimensional analysis across 43 nations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27, 231-264.
Taras, V., Kirkman, B. L., & Steel, P. (2010). Examining the impact of culture’s consequences: A three-decade, multilevel, meta-analytic review of Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(3), 405-439.
Triandis H., C. (1989). The self and social behavior in different cultural contexts. Psychological Reveiw, 96, 269-89.
Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Trommsdorff, G. (1983). Future orientation and socialization. International Journal of Psychology, 18(1-4), 381-406.
Trommsdorff, G. (2009). Culture and development of self-regulation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(5), 687-701.
Trommsdorff, G. (2010). Teaching and learning guide for: Culture and development of self-regulation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(4), 282-294.
Trommsdorff, G., Friedlmeier, W., & Mayer, B. (2007). Sympathy, distress, and prosocial behavior of preschool children in four cultures. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(3), 284-293.
Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2012). Motivation, personal beliefs, and limited resources all contribute to self-control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 943-947.
Wilcox, K., Kramer, T., & Sen, S. (2011). Indulgence or self-control: A dual process model of the effect of incidental pride on indulgent choice. Journal of Consumer Research, 38(1), 151-163.
Worthley, J., Hostetler, A., Frye, A. (2016). Motivated to seek help: Masculine norms and self-regulated motivation in self-help groups. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, No Pagination Specified.
Wu, M. L. (2006). Corporate social performance, corporate financial performance, and firm size. Journal of Américan Academy of Business, 8(1), 163-171.
Zembylas, M. (2007). Emotional capital and education: theoretical insights from Bourdieu, British Journal of Educational Studies, 55(4), 443-463.
Zhang, Y., Winterich, K. P., & Mittal, V. (2010). Power distance belief and impulsive buying. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(5), 945-954.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/9682
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2017 Somaye Piri, Zohreh Eslami, Reza Pishghadam
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Share us to: 
Reminder
- How to do online submission to another Journal?
- If you have already registered in Journal A, then how can you submit another article to Journal B? It takes two steps to make it happen:
1. Register yourself in Journal B as an Author
- Find the journal you want to submit to in CATEGORIES, click on “VIEW JOURNAL”, “Online Submissions”, “GO TO LOGIN” and “Edit My Profile”. Check “Author” on the “Edit Profile” page, then “Save”.
2. Submission
Online Submission: http://cscanada.org/index.php/ccc/submission/wizard
- Go to “User Home”, and click on “Author” under the name of Journal B. You may start a New Submission by clicking on “CLICK HERE”.
- We only use four mailboxes as follows to deal with issues about paper acceptance, payment and submission of electronic versions of our journals to databases: caooc@hotmail.com; office@cscanada.net; ccc@cscanada.net; ccc@cscanada.org
Articles published in Cross-Cultural Communication are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY).
CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION Editorial Office
Address: 1055 Rue Lucien-L'Allier, Unit #772, Montreal, QC H3G 3C4, Canada.
Telephone: 1-514-558 6138
Website: Http://www.cscanada.net; Http://www.cscanada.org
E-mail:caooc@hotmail.com; office@cscanada.net
Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture 
